Risk Management Assignment On Ing Vysya Bank Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1000 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? A Brief about ING Vysya Bank. NG has gained recognition for its integrated approach of banking, insurance and asset management. Furthermore, the company differentiates itself from other financial service providers by successfully establishing life insurance companies in countries with emerging economies, such as Korea, Taiwan, Hungary, Poland, Mexico and Chile. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Risk Management Assignment On Ing Vysya Bank Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Another specialisation is ING Direct, an Internet and direct marketing concept with which ING is rapidly winning retail market share in mature markets. Finally, ING distinguishes itself internationally as a provider of employee benefits, i.e. arrangements of nonwage benefits, such as pension plans for companies and their employees. Banks need a sense of caution in a Liberal credit environment, but they also need the courage and wisdom to take reasonable risks when credit is tight. Financial institutions succeed as long as the risks they assume are prudent and within defined parameters of portf olio objectives. This means policies and procedures must ensure that exposures are properly identified, monitored, and controlled, and that loan pricing, terms, and other safeguards against non-performance or default are commensurate with the Levels of risk that banks assume. Bank failures are the result of lax credit standards, ineffectual portfolio risk policies, risks assumed beyond li mits of a banks capital, misreading performance barometers and neglecting technological upgrades (both system wide and specific), loan exposure, and ineffective risk rating systems. As we shall see, banks have come under increased regulatory scrutiny with many incurring losses on loan write-offs. An internationally known bank surveyed its problem loan portfolio and came up with a pattern of root causes. ING Vysya Bank Risk Profile Economic Capital ING Bank One of the main risk management instruments for ING Bank is Economic Capital which is used to provide the amount of capital that a transaction or business unit requires to support the economic risks that it faces. ING Vysya Bank implemented Economic Capital for internal usage in 1998. Since 1999, ING Bank has been disclosing Economic Capital information externally. The tables below provide ING Banks Economic Capital by risk type and business line. Figures shown reflect all diversification effects within ING Bank, including reduction of Risk between the different types of risk. Diversification effects that arise as a result of combining ING Bank and ING Insurance activities are not taken into account. Business risk is included in the other risks category to cover unexpected losses that may arise as a result of changes in volumes, margins and costs. The ING Bank Economic Capital model is explained in detail in the Model Disclosure section. The following table provides the Econo mic Capital break down by risk category including diversification benefits proportionally allocated to the risk types: Economical Capital by Risk Category Types of risk faced by ING Bank 2008 2007 Credit risk 8686 7503 Market risk Liquidity Risk 10349 7407 Operational Risk business Risk 3372 3017 Total Banking Operations 22407 17927 Risks that are faced by ING bank. Credit Risk :- Market Risk and Liquidity Risk:- Operational Risk as well as Business Risk Interest Rate risk :- Risk Mitigation Æ’ÂÂ  Reduction of credit risk :- In January 2009, ING Group entered into an Illiquid Assets Back-up Facility term sheet with the Dutch State covering INGs Alt-A Residential Mortgage Backed Securities (RMBS) portfolio. Through this way of transaction, which is expected to close in the first quarter of 2009, subject to final documentation and regulatory approval, the Dutch State will become the economic owner of 80% of the Alt-A RMBS portfolio. This transaction is expected to be concluded at 90% of the par value with respect to the 80% portion of the portfolio of which the Dutch State will become the economic owner. Par value of the portfolio is approximately EUR 30 billion. Following the deteriorated economic outlook in the third and fourth quarter market prices for these securities had become depressed as liquidity dried up, which had an impact on INGs results and equity far in excess of estimated credit losses. The transaction with the Dutch State is expected to significantly reduce the uncertainty regarding the impact on ING of any future losses in the portfolio. As condition to the Facility ING will commit to support the growth of the Dutch lending business for an amount of EUR 25 billion at market-conforming conditions. The Dutch State will also acquire certain consent rights with respect to the sale or transfer of the 20% proportion of the Alt-A RMBS portfolio that is retained by ING. Æ’ÂÂ  Interest Rate Risk ING sold ING Life to other countries like Taiwan which resulted into a significant decrease of its interest rate risk exposure. This investment was in line with the strategy to allocate fund to those businesses that generate the higher profits. Further, ING has spread its asset duration in order to mitigate the impact of declining interest rates, herewith further reducing its interest rate risk exposure. Æ’ÂÂ  Operational Risk and Business risk :- The overall increase in Economic Capital is mainly due to the inclusion of the core equity investments in market risk Economic Capital Bank, whereas previously it was taken as an add-on at Group level. Furthermore the increased Economic Capital can be explained by credit migrations, increased market volatility and model enhancements. So By this way, they are reducing their operational and business risk. Æ’ÂÂ  Market Risk and Liquidity risk :- ING Bank addresses all the types of market risks, namely, liquidity risk, interest rate risk through a well-explained set of policies and procedures. Separate treatment is given to management of risks in trading ledgers and bank book recognising their differential impact on the balance sheet. The trading ledgers risks, which are more doubtful to market movements, are continuously measured and managed by marking the positions to the available market rates. In order to assess the likely impact of market movements, periodic analysis of the trading book is carried out on the basis of positions based on changes in market rates, past trends, stress tests through rate shocks, scenario analysis, etc. The overall positions and functions of market risks are run under the policy framework defined in Asset-Liability Management (ALM) Policy, Market Risk Policy and Investment Policy.

Essay about The Tragic Hero in Death and the King’s Horseman

TOPIC: Who is , Elesin Oba or Olunde? Please give reasons for your answer in a carefully written essay. Please use â€Å"Being, the Will, and the Semantics of Death† by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (Criticism 155-164) and â€Å"Tragedy, Mimicry, and the African World† by Olakunle George (Criticism 207-222) in your essay. The Real Tragic Hero Of The Nation The drama â€Å"Death and the King’s Horseman† written by Wole Soyinka tells a story that relates to the burial of the dead king of the Oyo, which is held by the ancient Yoruba in Africa. According to the tradition of the Yoruba, after thirty-day of the king’s death, his horseman Elesin must commit suicide in the rite in order to accompany the king passing through the holy passage towards†¦show more content†¦That is the most contrasting concept under a common society. For some degree, it is reliable that this colonial factor is catalytic merely, but leading to the final conclusion, it is an indispensable element which embodies the spirit of resisting of Yoruba through their metaphysics against the ideology control from the western. The traditional Yoruba people believe in their own collective culture and fight against the conflict western perception unswervingly. Accounted for this, Elesin’s fail becomes more unacceptable for the sake of the raci al conscious, in other words, it is a kind of betraying of the public towards his fail and hesitation. This insults in his miserable condition ultimately-to be humiliated and despised by the public. On the other hand, the main part of Elesin’s tragic fate originates from his own flaws. Elesin is just an ordinary person who has the pursuit of various things such as food and wine, dance and women. However, everyone believes that Elesin is the hero born with his mission to lead them peace and also with no selfish motives. When he is in the market with women and Praise-singer, he indicates that the others compare his eyes into a hawk in perpetual hunger. â€Å"Split an iroko tree in two, hide a woman’s beauty in its heartwood and seal it up again-Elesin, journeying by, would make his camp beside that tree of all the shades in the forest.†(14) This is a vivid description of Elesin’s desire of the living world. Even in the farewell, heShow MoreRelatedExistential Anxiety Via Self Preservation Essay1826 Words   |  8 Pagesbasic definition, an existential crisis occurs when a person feels out of touch with their place in the world. They question why they are here as well as what determines their leaving. In Leo Tolstoy’s Hadji Murat and Wole Soyinka’s Death and the King’s Horseman, two characters experience a similar reaction after failing to conform to societal expectations. For example, in Hadji Murat, the titular character’s shifting allegiance depends on whatever is in the best interest of his family.

The Twilight Saga 2 New Moon Chapter 22 FLIGHT Free Essays

DEMETRI LEFT US IN THE CHEERFULLY OPULENT RECEPTION area, where the woman Gianna was still at her post behind the polished counter. Bright, harmless music tinkled from hidden speakers. â€Å"Do not leave until dark,† he warned us. We will write a custom essay sample on The Twilight Saga 2: New Moon Chapter 22 FLIGHT or any similar topic only for you Order Now Edward nodded, and Demetri hurried away. Gianna did not seem at all surprised by the exchange, though she did eye Edward’s borrowed cloak with shrewd speculation. â€Å"Are you all right?† Edward asked under his breath, to low for the human woman to hear. His voice was roughif velvet can be roughwith anxiety. Still stressed by our situation, I imagined. â€Å"You’d better make her sit before she falls,† Alice said. â€Å"She’s going to pieces.† It was only then that I realize I was shaking, shaking hard, my entire frame vibrating until my teeth chattered and the room around me seemed to wobble and blur in my eyes. For one wild second, I wondered if this was how Jacob felt just before exploding into a werewolf. I heard a sound that didn’t make sense, a strange, ripping counterpart to the otherwise cheery background music. Distracted by the shaking, I couldn’t tell where it was coming from. â€Å"Shh, Bella, shh,† Edward said as he pulled me to the sofa farthest away from the curious human at the desk. â€Å"I think she’s having hysterics. Maybe you should slap her,† Alice suggested. Edward threw a frantic glance at her. Then I understood. Oh. The noise was me. The ripping sound was the sobs coming from my chest. That’s what was shaking me. â€Å"It’s all right, you’re safe, it’s all right,† he chanted again and again. He pulled ne onto his lap and tucked the thick wool cloak around me, protecting me from his cold skin. I knew it was stupid to react like this. Who knew how much time I had to look at his race? He was saved, and I was saved, and he could leave me as soon as we were free. To have my eyes so filled with tears that I could not see his features clearly was wastefulinsanity. But, behind my eyes where the tears could not wash the image away, I could still see the panicked face of the tiny woman with the rosary. â€Å"All those people,† I sobbed. â€Å"I know,† he whispered. â€Å"It’s so horrible.† â€Å"Yes, it is. I wish you hadn’t had to see that.† I rested my head against his cold chest, using the thick cloak to wipe my eyes. I took a few deep breaths, trying to calm myself. â€Å"Is there anything I can get you?† a voice asked politely. It was Gianna, leaning over Edward’s shoulder with a look that was both concerned and yet still professional and detached at the same time. It didn’t seem to bother her that her face was inches from a hostile vampire. She was either totally oblivious, or very good at her job. â€Å"No,† Edward answered coldly. She nodded, smiled at me, and then disappeared. I waited until she was out of hearing range. â€Å"Does she know what’s going on here?† I demanded, my voice low and hoarse. I was getting control of myself, my breathing evening out. â€Å"Yes. She knows everything,† Edward told me. â€Å"Does she know they’re going to kill her someday?† â€Å"She’s knows it’s a possibility,† he said. That surprised me. Edward’s face was hard to read. â€Å"She’s hoping they’ll decide to keep her.† I felt the blood leave my face. â€Å"She wants to be one of them?† He nodded once, his eyes sharp on my face, watching my reaction. I shuddered. â€Å"How can she want that?† I whispered, more to myself than really looking for an answer. â€Å"How can she watch those people file through to that hideous room and want to be a part of that?† Edward didn’t answer. His expression twisted in response to something I’d said. As I stared at his too beautiful face, trying to understand the change, it suddenly struck me that I was really here, in Edward’s arms, however fleetingly, and that we were notat this exact momentabout to be killed. â€Å"Oh, Edward,† I cried, and I was sobbing again. It was such a stupid reaction. The tears were too thick for me to see his face again, and that was inexcusable. I only had until sunset for sure. Like a fairy tale again, with deadlines that ended the magic. â€Å"What’s wrong?† he asked, still anxious, rubbing my back with gentle pats. I wrapped my arms around his neckwhat was the worst he could do? Just push me awayand hugged myself closer to him. â€Å"Is it really sick for me to be happy right now?† I asked. My voice broke twice. He didn’t push me away. He pulled me tight against his ice-hard chest, so tight it was hard to breathe, even with my lungs securely intact. â€Å"I know exactly what you mean,† he whispered. â€Å"But we have lots of reasons to be happy. For one, we’re alive.† â€Å"Yes,† I agreed. â€Å"That’s a good one.† â€Å"And together,† he breathed. His breath was so sweet it made my head swim. I just nodded, sure that he did not place the same weight on that consideration as I did. â€Å"And, with any luck, we’ll still be alive tomorrow.† â€Å"Hopefully,† I said uneasily. â€Å"The outlook is quite good,† Alice assured me. She’d been so quiet, I’d almost forgotten her presence. â€Å"I’ll see Jasper in less than twenty-four hours,† she added in a satisfied tone. Lucky Alice. She could trust her future. I couldn’t keep my eyes off of Edward’s face for long. I stared at him, wishing more than anything that the future would never happen. That this moment would last forever, or, if it couldn’t, that I would stop existing when it did. Edward stared right back at me, his dark eyes soft, and it was easy to pretend that he felt the same way. So that’s what I did. I pretended, to make the moment sweeter. His fingertips traced the circles under my eyes. â€Å"You look so tired.† â€Å"And you look thirsty,† I whispered back, studying the purple bruises under his black irises. He shrugged. â€Å"It’s nothing.† â€Å"Are you sure? I could sit with Alice,† I offered, unwilling; I’d rather he killed me now than move one inch from where I was. â€Å"Don’t be ridiculous.† He sighed; his sweet breath caressed my face. â€Å"I’ve never been in better control of that side of my nature than right now.† I had a million questions for him. One of them bubbled to my lips now, but I held my tongue. I didn’t want to ruin the moment, as imperfect as it was, here in this room that made me sick, under the eyes of the would-be monster. Here in his arms, it was so easy to fantasize that he wanted me. I didn’t want to think about his motivations nowabout whether he acted this way to keep me calm while we were still in danger, or if he just felt guilty for where we were and relieved that he wasn’t responsible for my death. Maybe the time apart had been enough that I didn’t bore him for the moment. But it didn’t matter. I was so much happier pretending. I lay quiet in his arms, re-memorizing his face, pretending He stared at my face like he was doing the same, while he and Alice discussed how to get home. Their voices were so quick and low that I knew Gianna couldn’t understand. I missed half of it myself. It sounded like more theft would be involved, though. I wondered idly if the yellow Porsche had made it back to its owner yet. â€Å"What was all that talk about singers?† Alice asked at one point. â€Å"La tua cantante,† Edward said. His voice made the words into music. â€Å"Yes, that,† Alice said, and I concentrated for a moment. I’d wondered about that, too, at the time. I felt Edward shrug around me. â€Å"They have a name for someone who smells the way Bella does to me. They call her my singerbecause her blood sings for me.† Alice laughed. I was tired enough to sleep, but I fought against the weariness. I wasn’t going to miss a second of the time I had with him. Now and then, as he talked with Alice, he would lean down suddenly and kiss mehis glass-smooth lips brushing against my hair, my forehead, the tip of my nose. Each time it was like an electric shock to my long dormant heart. The sound of its beating seemed to fill the entire room. It was heavenright smack in the middle of hell. I lost track of the time completely. So when Edward’s arms tightened around me, and both he and Alice looked to the back of the room with wary eyes, I panicked. I cringed into Edward’s chest as Alechis eyes now a vivid ruby, but still spotless in his light gray suit despite the afternoon mealwalked through the double doors. It was good news. â€Å"You’re free to leave now,† Alec told us, his tone so warm you’d think we were all lifelong friends. â€Å"We ask that you don’t linger in the city.† Edward made no answering pretence; his voice was ice cold. â€Å"That won’t be a problem.† Alec smiled, nodded, and disappeared again. â€Å"Follow the right hallway around the corner to the first set of elevators,† Gianna told us as Edward helped me to my feet. â€Å"The lobby is two floors down, and exits to the street. Goodbye, now,† she added pleasantly. I wondered if her competence would be enough to save her. Alice shot her a dark look. I was relieved there was another way out; I wasn’t sure if I could handle another tour through the underground. We left through a tastefully luxurious lobby. I was the only one who glanced back at the medieval castle that housed the elaborate business facade I couldn’t see the turret from here, for which I was grateful. The party was still in full swing in the streets. The street lamps were just coming on as we walked swiftly through the narrow, cobbled lanes. The sky was a dull, fading gray overhead, but the buildings crowded the streets so closely that it felt darker. The party was darker, too. Edward’s long, trailing cloak did not stand out in the way it might have on a normal evening in Volterra. There were others in black satin cloaks now, and the plastic fangs I’d seen on the child in the square today seemed to be very popular with the adults. â€Å"Ridiculous,† Edward muttered once. I didn’t notice when Alice disappeared from beside me. I looked over to ask her a question, and she was gone. â€Å"Where’s Alice?† I whispered in a panic. â€Å"She went to retrieve your bags from where she stashed them this morning.† I’d forgotten that I had access to a toothbrush. It brightened my outlook considerably. â€Å"She’s stealing a car, too, isn’t she?† I guessed. He grinned. â€Å"Not till we’re outside.† It seemed like a very long way to the entryway. Edward could see that I was spent; he wound his arm around my waist and supported most of my weight as we walked. I shuddered as he pulled me through the dark stone archway. The huge, ancient portcullis above was like a cage door, threatening to drop on us, to lock us in. He led me toward a dark car, waiting in a pool of shadow to the right of the gate with the engine running. To my surprise, he slid into the backseat with me, instead of insisting on driving. Alice was apologetic. â€Å"I’m sorry.† She gestured vaguely toward the dashboard. â€Å"There wasn’t much to choose from.† â€Å"It’s fine, Alice.† He grinned. â€Å"They can’t all be 911 Turbos.† She sighed. â€Å"I may have to acquire one of those legally. It was fabulous.† â€Å"I’ll get you one for Christmas,† Edward promised. Alice turned to beam at him, which worried me, as she was already speeding down the dark and curvy hillside at the same time. â€Å"Yellow,† she told him. Edward kept me tight in his arms. Inside the gray cloak, I was warm and comfortable. More than comfortable. â€Å"You can sleep now, Bella,† he murmured. â€Å"It’s over.† I knew he meant the danger, the nightmare in the ancient city, but I still had to swallow hard before I could answer. â€Å"I don’t want to sleep. I’m not tired.† Just the second part was a lie. I wasn’t about to close my eyes. The car was only dimly lit by the dashboard controls, but it was enough that I could see his face. He pressed his lips to the hollow under my ear. â€Å"Try,† he encouraged. I shook my head. He sighed. â€Å"You’re still just as stubborn.† I was stubborn; I fought with my heavy lids, and I won. The dark road was the hardest part; the bright lights at the airport in Florence made it easier, as did the chance to brush my teeth and change into clean clothes; Alice bought Edward new clothes, too, and he left the dark cloak on a pile of trash in an alley. The plane trip to Rome was so short that there wasn’t really a chance for the fatigue to drag me under. I knew the flight from Rome to Atlanta would be another matter entirely, so I asked the flight attendant if she could bring me a Coke. â€Å"Bella,† Edward said disapprovingly. He knew my low tolerance for caffeine. Alice was behind us. I could hear her murmuring to Jasper on the phone. â€Å"I don’t want to sleep,† I reminded him. I gave him an excuse that was believable because it was true. â€Å"If I close my eyes now, I’ll see things I don’t want to see. I’ll have nightmares.† He didn’t argue with me after that. It would have been a very good time to talk, to get the answers I neededneeded but not really wanted; I was already despairing at the thought of what I might hear. We had an uninterrupted block of tirre ahead of us, and he couldn’t escape me on an airplanewell, not easily, at least. No one would hear us except Alice; it was late, and most of the passengers were turning off lights and asking for pillows in muted voices. Talk would help me fight off the exhaustion. But, perversely, I bit my tongue against the flood of questions. My reasoning was probably flawed by exhaustion, but I hoped that by postponing the discussion, I could buy a few more hours with him at some later timespin this out for another night, Scheherazade-style. So I kept drinking soda, and resisting even the urge to blink. Edward seemed perfectly content to hold me in his arms, his fingers tracing my face again and again. I touched his face, too. I couldn’t stop myself, though I was afraid it would hurt me later, when I was alone again. He continued to kiss my hair, my forehead, my wrists but never my lips, and that was good. After all, how many ways can one heart be mangled and still be expected to keep beating? I’d lived through a lot that should have finished me in the last few days, but it didn’t make me feel strong. Instead, I felt horribly fragile, like one word could shatter me. Edward didn’t speak. Maybe he was hoping I would sleep. Maybe he had nothing to say. I won the fight against my heavy lids. I was awake when we reached the airport in Atlanta, and I even watched the sun beginning to rise over Seattle’s cloud cover before Edward slid the window shut. I was proud of myself. I hadn’t missed one minute. Neither Alice nor Edward was surprised by the reception that waited for us at Sea-Tac airport, but it caught me off guard. Jasper was the first one I sawhe didn’t seem to see me at all. His eyes were only for Alice. She went quickly to his side; they didn’t embrace like other couples meeting there. They only stared into each other’s faces, yet, somehow, the moment was so private that I still felt the need to look away. Carlisle and Esme waited in a quiet corner far from the line for the metal detectors, in the shadow of a wide pillar. Esme reached for me, hugging me fiercely, yet awkwardly, because Edward kept his arms around me, too. â€Å"Thank you so much,† she said in my ear. Then she threw her arms around Edward, and she looked like she would be crying if that were possible. â€Å"Youwill never put me through :hat again,† she nearly growled. Edward grinned, repentant. â€Å"Sorry, Mom.† â€Å"Thank you, Bella,† Carlisle said. â€Å"We owe you.† â€Å"Hardly,† I mumbled. The sleepless night was suddenly overpowering. My head felt disconnected from my body. â€Å"She’s dead on her feet,† Esme scolded Edward. â€Å"Let’s get her home.† Not sure if home was what I wanted at this point, I stumbled, half-blind, through the airport, Edward dragging me on one side and Esme on the other. I didn’t know if Alice and Jasper were behind us or not, and I was too exhausted to look. I think I was mostly asleep, though I was still walking, when we reached their car. The surprise of seeing Emmett and Rosalie leaning against the black sedan under the dim lights of the parking garage revived me some. Edward stiffened. â€Å"Don’t,† Esme whispered. â€Å"She feels awful.† â€Å"She should,† Edward said, making no attempt to keep his voice down. â€Å"It’s not her fault,† I said, my words garbled with exhaustion. â€Å"Let her make amends,† Esme pleaded. â€Å"We’ll ride with Alice and Jasper.† Edward glowered at the absurdly lovely blond vampire waiting for us. â€Å"Please, Edward,† I said. I didn’t want to ride with Rosalie any more than he seemed to, but I’d caused more than enough discord in his family. He sighed, and towed me toward the car. Emmett and Rosalie got in the front seat without speaking, while Edward pulled me in the back again. I knew I wasn’t going to be able to fight my eyelids anymore, and I laid my head against his chest in defeat, letting them close. I felt the car purr to life. â€Å"Edward,† Rosalie began. â€Å"I know.† Edward’s brusque tone was not generous. â€Å"Bella?† Rosalie asked softly. My eyelids fluttered open in shock. It was the first time she’d ever spoken directly to me. â€Å"Yes, Rosalie?† I asked, hesitant. â€Å"I’m so very sorry, Bella. I feel wretched about every part of this, and so grateful that you were brave enough to go save my brother after what I did. Please say you’ll forgive me.† The words were awkward, stilted because of her embarrassment, but they seemed sincere. â€Å"Of course, Rosalie,† I mumbled, grasping at any chance to make her hate me a little less. â€Å"It’s not your fault at all. I’m the one who jumped off the damn cliff. Of course I forgive you.† The words came out like mush. â€Å"It doesn’t count until she’s conscious, Rose,† Emmett chuckled. â€Å"I’m conscious,† I said; it just sounded like a garbled sigh. â€Å"Let her sleep,† Edward insisted, but his voice was a little warmer. It was quiet then, except for the gentle thrum of the engine. I must have fallen asleep, because it seemed like seconds later when the door opened and Edward was carrying me from the car. My eyes wouldn’t open. At first I thought we were still at the airport. And then I heard Charlie. â€Å"Bella!† he shouted from some distance. â€Å"Charlie,† I mumbled, trying to shake off the stupor. â€Å"Shh,† Edward whispered. â€Å"It’s okay; you’re home and safe. Just sleep.† â€Å"I can’t believe you have the nerve to show your face here.† Charlie bellowed at Edward, his voice much closer now. â€Å"Stop it, Dad,† I groaned. He didn’t hear me. â€Å"What’s wrong with her?† Charlie demanded. â€Å"She’s just very tired, Charlie,† Edward assured him quietly. â€Å"Please let her rest.† â€Å"Don’t tell me what to do!† Charlie yelled. â€Å"Give her to me. Get your hands off her!† Edward tried to pass me to Charlie, but I clung to him with locked, tenacious fingers. I could feel my dad yanking on my arm. â€Å"Cut it out, Dad,† I said with more volume. I managed to drag my lids back to stare at Charlie with bleary eyes. â€Å"Be mad at me.† We were in front of my house. The front door was standing open. The cloud cover overhead was too thick to guess at a time of day. â€Å"You bet I will be,† Charlie promised. â€Å"Get inside.† i'†Kay. Let me down,† I sighed. Edward set me on my feet. I could see that I was upright, but I couldn’t feel my legs. I trudged forward anyway, until the sidewalk swirled up toward my face. Edward’s arms caught me before I hit the concrete. â€Å"Just let me get her upstairs,† Edward said. â€Å"Then I’ll leave.† â€Å"No,† I cried, panicking. I hadn’t got my answers yet. He had to stay for at least that much, didn’t he? â€Å"I won’t be far,† Edward promised, whispering so low in my ear that Charlie didn’t have a hope of hearing. I didn’t hear Charlie answer, but Edward headed into the house. My open eyes only made it till the stairs. The last thing I felt was Edward’s cool hands prying my fingers loose from his shirt. How to cite The Twilight Saga 2: New Moon Chapter 22 FLIGHT, Essay examples

Challenges and Barriers of Accounting-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Challenges of Accounting in Global Organizations. Answer: Introduction Accounting is one of the most integral parts of finance with the help of which an individual intends to identify record, measure and classify the financial information in order to maintain proper database in business profitability. Providing a good quality of services as well as products to the customers is not the only responsibility for a business organization for gaining international image and reputation. The business experts in order to maintain a global business in different geographical locations should focus on business profitability as well as employees performance. Accounting is the systematic way of maintaining both internal as well as external data record with the help of which the entire performance level of the organization can be evaluated. In this specific study the primary concern is to evaluate some of the major challenges that business experts are facing at the workplace while implementing accounting within their business process. Project Objective This specific study aims to evaluate the challenges of Accounting in Global Organizations. The primary objectives of this particular study are as follow: To critically evaluate the challenges and barriers that business experts have to face while implementing accounting within global organization To critically understand the overall impact of accounting in enhancing the overall performance level of the global organization To provide some of the major recommendations on how those identified challenges can be overcome by implementing necessary business strategies as well as policies Project Scope It has been observed that in last five years global business organizations intend to maintain entire process of database by using accounting software for maintaining a proper accuracy within data and information. After the implementation of accounting within the organization global business organizations are facing several challenges in maintaining a proper data record due to some important reasons (Hodges 2012). One of the most raising issues that global organizations are facing currently ensures the lack of technological skills. Large number of senior employees is associated within the global business organizations that are not compatible enough in maintaining financial data record with the help of software. As a result, those kinds of employees are facing innumerable difficulties in providing services within proper time. As a result, the entire flow of business is getting slow day by day. In order to run an international business the entire structure of tax compliance system is very much crucial. The finance executives have to follow different tax systems, tax rate and compliance requirements (Guthrie, Burritt and Evans 2012). In this kind of situation the finance executives have to face innumerable challenges while following the tax regulations of different geographical countries. Accounting is the key to maximize revenue. The entire data storage procedure is maintained systematically and chronologically only when people are flexible enough in operating data. An effective issue has been identified on behalf of the practitioners that employees are not very much flexible in handling overall database due to the lack of technological efficiency (He, Wong and Young 2012). In this kind of situation, the global business organizations are facing innumerable challenges in maintaining their entire process of business in the global market. Literature Review Previous literature review Balakrishnan, K., Watts, R. and Zuo, L., 2016. The effect of accounting conservatism on corporate investment during the global financial crisis.Journal of Business Finance Accounting,43(5-6), pp.513-542. The article highlights the importance of accounting on a global basis. The purpose of this article was to examine the relationship between accounting and the crisis. This paper critically analysis that may be the implications of accounting must not be properly done on a global basis but accounting plays a very influential role in every organization on a global basis. The accounting development is mostly done in response to the economic pressure within any organization but after enabling accounting system in the organization, it emancipates the further development of the organization. This article reviews the importance of accounting on a global basis until the year of 2012 and states that on global context the transformation of accounting system is based on many factors, which are the social and political pressures. Through this article, we get to know the necessity of accounting in global organization, which is that Accounting helps every organization on a global basis to keep recor ds of all the monetary transactions. The international accounting regulation is the sole regulation that helps in the incorporation of the accounting database in every organization. This article also discusses that the accounting system of every organization is the set of records that helps the organization in crisis management and experience a better financial environment within the organization. In this article, it is found that accounting rules seems to be very critical at the time of credit crisis and this is marked as a very reinforcing factor in the crisis period. From this article, this can be known that there is a vast importance of accounting in global organization and for the chosen topic; this article will help in determining the importance. This article does not clearly identify the reason behind the importance of accounting in the global context, which is necessary as having the reason will help the system to be updated with the changing demographics of the world. Importance of accounting on global organization Accounting on a global basis facilitates the international financial regulatory framework and globalization on the other hand is very important issue that has grabbed the hold of the economic state of the world (Beatty and Liao 2014). Implementing of accounting system in the organizations has rendered a profit for the business experts and that is the maintenance of a proper data and information with the help of accounting software. The emerging global system would have failed if accounting was not a part of the organization and that is why the board of the international accounting standard has initiated the development of the accounting system on a global basis (Hall and Lawson 2014). This is to incorporate the set of rules, which are understandable and transparent and have no problem in incorporating the system in organization to have the records of the financial statements. Accounting is an effective key, which helps in maximizing revenue. The data storage procedure of accounting i s maintained systematically and chronologically only when people are flexible enough in operating data. However, the employees face an effective issue has been identified on behalf of the practitioners that employees are not very much flexible in handling overall database due to the lack of technological efficiency (Apostolou et al. 2015). In this kind of situation, the global business organizations are facing innumerable challenges in maintaining their entire process of business in the global market. After the implementation of accounting system within the organization global organizations, it is seen that they are facing several challenges in maintaining a proper data record due to some important reasons. One of the most disturbing issues that global organizations are facing currently ensures the lack of technological skills. There are large number of senior employees who are associated within the global business organizations but they are not still comfortable enough to maintain the record of the financial data with the help of accounting software (Baker, Bloom and Davis 2016). The reason behind why the global organization needs incorporation of accounting system is to note the movement of the funds of the organization in the capital market. This is because in order to maintain the organizations capital recorded pro perly, every organization needs to have a record of their economic performance. This will keep the account of the economic transaction of the organization for the crisis period (Cingano 2014). The accounting system is a costly process. Many countries are seen to upgrade their national accounting standards to the international accounting standards to avoid any future crisis while being a part of the global market. There are still many organizations that fail to keep the actual records of the companys transaction and faces many problems (Claessens 2015). Hence, it is recommended that all the company should have the record of their transaction so that they can be efficient enough to dwell in the global market. The accounting system will help them to have their own records which will lead to increase in profit and for the employees who are not efficient enough to keep the records, training must be conducted so that they can be aware of the fact about how to keep the records of the trans actions (Lusardi and Mitchell 2014). Challenges of accounting on global organization As emphasized by Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer (2014), numerous business experts have faced innumerable challenges in using accounting within the global business organization. This particular scholar believes that a financial reporting system with the support of proper governance, sound regulatory system and systematic auditing system is the key way for economic development. Business executives who are associated with the finance department should know how to operate accounting for maintaining a systematic financial transaction. However, in order to run the entire process of business global organizations have faced innumerable challenges in maintaining a proper financial record properly. The challenges are as follows: Different regulations and legislations: Papaspyropoulos et al. (2012) Tax regulation varies from one country to another. Business experts have to follow different forms of tax legislation belonging to different geographical countries. While maintaining the financial record the finance executives should have an in-depth overview about the taxation policies. Based on the regulation the fianc executives have to maintain database. Therefore, the business executives have to get an in-depth overview about the tax rate policies of different countries for maintaining the data record. In most of the cases business executives do not have detailed knowledge about the taxation policies. Automatically, maintaining a systematic data record on the overall business process has become a major issue for the finance executives. Finding efficient people In order to become an eminent part of the finance department an individual should have finance background with efficiency in technology. It has been observed that organizations have to face challenges in hiring efficient employees for maintaining the entire financial data record. Roman, Roman and Meier (2014) opined that senior employees who are already associated with the business process are not efficient enough in operating accounting with the help of advanced technology. In this kind of situation, the business experts are facing innumerable challenges maintaining a global business. This particular study has focused to evaluate some of the major challenges of accounting on global organization. As per the opinion of Guthrie and Parker (2014), organizations can implement a training and development session for employees in order to enhance their technological skill. Otherwise, the entire business process can face a massive consequence in handling the entire situation. Internal change issues: Zeff (2012) stated that organizations are facing innumerable challenges in managing internal data properly. Business executives associated with the finance department are not efficient enough in maintaining data record by using accounting software. As a result, the employee performance as well as remuneration record is not marinated properly. Employees are getting deprived of receiving their justified salary as well as incentives properly. In this kind of situation the entire internal structure is getting hampered day by day. Employees are facing issues in receiving their remuneration properly. The lack of motivation is happening at the workplace of global organizations. Automatically, the rate of employee turnover is getting high day by day. Technology issues: Bayerlein (2015) opined that maintaining financial database with the help of accounting is highly dependent on technology. If an individual employee has to face a technological error the entire process of business becomes worthless. In this kind of situation, the customers and the employees show the reluctant attitude in being associated with the organization. Due to the technological error the business experts may have to face difficulties in evaluating the organizational profitability. At the same time, the overall performance record of the employees has already been lost due to sudden technological barrier (Schaffartzik, Wiedenhofer and Eisenmenger 2015). This particular issue is a serious concern for the business experts for maintaining global organization systematically. Literature gap: The previous article critically discusses the importance of the accounting system in any organization based on global market and it largely influences the using of accounting system in the organizations but the portion this lacks is to provide the brief idea about why the incorporation of accounting system is important in every organization. This study further highlights the reason behind the incorporation of accounting system in every organization and highlights the importance of it in global perspective. Hence, it can be said that over the years the process of accounting system has evolved along with increasing its need in the global sector. Summary: From the above it can be seen that earlier the importance of accounting was seen but the reason behind that was unknown and with changing years the reason has been known. However with due course of time, now it can be said that the reason behind the incorporation of accounting on global basis is that every organization needs to have the record of their financial statements so that it helps them to use their capital according to their needs. Accounting helps every organization to have the full records of the monetary transaction and helps the organization to utilize the capital as per its need. Conclusion The entire study has provided an in-depth overview about the necessary challenges of accounting that global organizations have to face for running their entire process of business systematically. With the rhythmic progress of globalization the necessary demands as well as employees are changing gradually. Therefore, implementation of accounting within the business process has rendered a privilege for the business experts in maintaining a proper data and information with the help of accounting software. While evaluating the entire research issue the study has decided to focus on major challenges in implementing accounting software for maintaining financial record. Reference List Apostolou, B., Dorminey, J.W., Hassell, J.M. and Rebele, J.E., 2015. Accounting education literature review (20132014).Journal of Accounting Education,33(2), pp.69-127. Baker, S.R., Bloom, N. and Davis, S.J., 2016. Measuring economic policy uncertainty.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,131(4), pp.1593-1636. Bayerlein, L., 2015. Curriculum innovation in undergraduate accounting degree programmes through virtual internships.Education+ Training,57(6), pp.673-684. Beatty, A. and Liao, S., 2014. Financial accounting in the banking industry: A review of the empirical literature.Journal of Accounting and Economics,58(2), pp.339-383. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B. eds., 2014.Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Cingano, F., 2014. Trends in income inequality and its impact on economic growth. Claessens, S., 2015. An overview of macroprudential policy tools. Guthrie, J. and D. Parker, L., 2014. The global accounting academic: what counts!.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,27(1), pp.2-14. Guthrie, J., Burritt, R. and Evans, E., 2012. Challenges for accounting pathways in Australia in 2012: an introduction.Emerging pathways for the next generation of accountants,9. Hall, J.C. and Lawson, R.A., 2014. Economic freedom of the world: an accounting of the literature.Contemporary Economic Policy,32(1), pp.1-19. He, X., Wong, T.J. and Young, D., 2012. Challenges for implementation of fair value accounting in emerging markets: Evidence from China.Contemporary Accounting Research,29(2), pp.538-562. Hodges, R., 2012. Joined?up government and the challenges to accounting and accountability researchers.Financial Accountability Management,28(1), pp.26-51. Lusardi, A. and Mitchell, O.S., 2014. The economic importance of financial literacy: Theory and evidence.Journal of Economic Literature,52(1), pp.5-44. Papaspyropoulos, K.G., Blioumis, V., Christodoulou, A.S., Birtsas, P.K. and Skordas, K.E., 2012. Challenges in implementing environmental management accounting tools: the case of a nonprofit forestry organization.Journal of Cleaner Production,29, pp.132-143. Roman, C., Roman, A.G. and Meier, E., 2014. The challenges of accounting profession as generated by controlling.Theoretical Applied Economics,21(11). Schaffartzik, A., Wiedenhofer, D. and Eisenmenger, N., 2015. Raw material equivalents: the challenges of accounting for sustainability in a globalized world.Sustainability,7(5), pp.5345-5370. Zeff, S.A., 2012. The Evolution of the IASC into the IASB, and the Challenges it Faces.The accounting review,87(3), pp.807-837.

The pretrial process

Many people are not aware of the actions that take place before the real trial exercise in a criminal case. The police arrests suspects and present them to the prosecutor who decides on whether to press charges or not. However, before any procedures, the state is obliged to give an attorney to persons accused of a crime. The attorney offers counsel and protection to the defendant throughout the trial exercise.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The pretrial process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first thing for most criminal cases is the plea bargaining exercise, where, the defense attorney may advise the defendant to plead guilty in exchange for reduced charges or lighter sentences. In fact, 90% of the criminal cases are disposed at this stage. However, defendants who do not plead guilty of the charges are jailed and the prosecutor proceeds to file charges against the suspect in a lower court (Farmer Pecorin o, 2004). The prosecutor uses the information and the indictment documents to file charges. While filing charges, the prosecutor is obliged to disclose exculpatory evidence, which seeks to exonerate the suspect of guilt. Any prosecutor who decides to suppress such material evident violates the law. The prosecutor discloses all the exculpatory evidence possessed by the police, investigators, witnesses, or the crime labs. The whole exercise is in line with the prosecutor’s search for justice, where, exculpatory evidence is regarded as material if it shows some form of credibility. The prosecutors have the obligation to use the material evidence to defend the criminal, failure to which, the suspect would seek some lawsuit later. In a stabbing case, for example, a suspect within the murder scene may be arrested because of having blood traces. The police may go ahead and interview a witness who may claim to have witnessed the stabbing. If the witnesses claim that the accused is no t guilty because they witnessed a different person committing the crime, the witnesses’ statement presents the exculpatory evidence. The police may doubt the witness’s statement or not, however, the prosecutor must inform the accuser and his or her attorney of the statement. The whole process ensures there is fairness as exculpatory information blocks the possibilities seeking some lawsuit. As evident from the discussions, prosecutors have the greatest authority in handling any criminal case as they have the final word in every phase of the conviction process. The criminal justice system empowers the prosecutors to decide of the criminal charges to file, when to file the charges, when to offer a plea bargain or when to start an investigation. However, some prosecutors may abuse their authority and offer unfair verdicts. Whenever prosecutors abuse their authority, they deny the accused of their constitutional rights, and thus, their actions are regarded as prosecutorial misconducts.Advertising Looking for essay on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In some cases, some prosecutors may make politically motivated prosecutions or suppress evidence that favors the defendant whenever they feel that the defendant is guilty. Personal judgments have prevailed from time to time, where; prosecutors hide evidence that would prove the innocence of the accused (McFaden, 2001). In the stabbing case for example, the prosecutors may allow the use of perjured testimony and such actions deny the defendant of the right to have fair trials. The jailed defendant’s first court appearance happens in the lower court, where judges have no authority to hold a trial. Therefore, the judges have to give a stringent analysis of the criminal record to determine if indeed there are legal grounds to support the arrest (Farmer Pecorino, 2004). The judge informs the defendant of the charges, explains the def endant’s rights with regard to the charges, and sets a bail if necessary. The judges would set a date for the defendant to appear for trials if the alleged facts are somewhat worthwhile. The defendant may opt to deposit the bail to be released from custody and show up on the trial date or stay in jail until the trial date. However, not all defendants can get pretrial release as some may be too dangerous to the society, or others may be too poor to afford the bail. It is noteworthy that suspects with prior records of violence may not qualify to receive a bail. The above-mentioned pretrial procedures take place to ensure that justice prevails in the whole exercise; however, it is evident that the bail discriminates against the poor especially when judges set cash bails at very high levels. From the discussions, it is noteworthy that the legal system is of paramount importance as offended citizens run to the courts for refuge. With all due respect, the courts should ensure they win the trust of all the citizens by eliminating all forms of prosecutorial misconducts and displaying the highest level of integrity. It is noteworthy that prosecutorial misconducts have often made the public to have a negative perception of the justice system. When the misconducts are ignored repeatedly the courts weakens its ability to offer justice to the citizens. Prosecutorial misconducts lower the integrity of the courts. Therefore, the prosecutor is obliged to disclose material evidence in favor of the suspect in any criminal prosecution. Exculpatory evidence should be used to identify cases in which a police officer has given false statements. Any prosecutor found guilty of any form of prosecutorial misconducts should be removed from office immediately. References Farmer, A. Pecorino, P. (2004). Pretrial settlement with fairness. Journal of Economic Behavior Organization, 54 (3), 287-296.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The pretrial process specific ally for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More McFaden, C. P. (2001). Prosecutorial misconduct. The Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics, 14(4), 1211-1228. This essay on The pretrial process was written and submitted by user Branden D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Organization of African Unity History and Goals essays

The Organization of African Unity History and Goals essays The Organization of the African Unity is both the symbol and embodiment of age-old Pan-African yearnings that found remarkable expression in the 19th Century epics of scattered Africa Communities all over the world. A movement of self-assertin in its early days, Pan-Africanism evolved progressively into an organized force with cultural and political claims especially after World War II when it took on a continental dimension. At that time, African leaders disagreed about what the organization should be. Some leaders pushed for the creation of a central government that would unite all of Africa under one authority. However, most of the African nations had just recently gained independence from colonial rule and their leaders opposed the idea. The leaders eventually reached a compromise out in so doing created an organization that is controlled by its member nations leaving it with little power to act on its own. The Organization of African Unity was born to help strengthen ties between African nations, and settle disputes. It aso went through many problems which underminded its ability to achieve its goals. It also promoted continental peace, unity, and cooperation. The OAU works to resolve conflicts between nations and to coordinate political, econommic, cultural scientific, medical, and defense policis. The Organization of African Unity was founded in Addis Ababa on May 25, 1963. The OAU had open with 32 member nations whom which signed the Charter of the Organization by the Heads of State and Government of independent African States, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was also signed on that occasion. The first head chair of the OAU was Olympio Sylvannus. Olympio Sylvannus was born on September 6, 1902 in Agone, Togo. He was educated at the London School of Economics and later emplyed by the United African Company in 1926. He entered politics as ...

Final exam Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final exam - Term Paper Example They can work for an unlimited number of years allowing them to refrain from political pressure. Moreover, the constitution prohibits slashing of judges’ salaries implying that neither the executive nor the legislature can threaten to demote these judges. Although the American constitution binds all courts, the judicial branch has the authority to construe the law. Courts are dependable for making the eventual choice regarding the law. Additionally, the judicial branch has the authority to consider all actions of the executive and legislative branch and deem any action that breaches the constitution as void (Zelden, 2007). Therefore, the judicial branch enjoys power called judicial review and uses it sparingly. The role of the executive branch is enforcing the law, with the president being the head (Neubauer, 2011). The president must swear to protect the country’s constitution before taking office. This branch comprises of the president and all other individuals that f all within the president’s purview such as appointees and administrative agencies. However, the president can neither establish legislation nor intrude the legislative branch. The legislative branch makes the country’s laws. Moreover, the American congress vests all legislative powers and comprises of a senate and House of Representatives (Little& Ogle, 2006). Apparently, the congress’ role within the government is legislation. Additionally, statutes refer to laws enacted by the congress. Apparently, the American constitution grants the congress the authority to make laws. Question 2: Theories behind administrative agencies Administrative agencies undertake diverse government functions such as making rules (Beermann, 2010). Regulations refer to rules made by the named agencies and assist in monitoring the activities of individuals governed by the agency and agency’s employees. Another function of these regulations is ensuring consistent law application. O ne theory behind administrative agencies is collective action theory. Apparently, this theory seeks to comprehend how individual groups have the ability to cooperate, with an intention of overcoming social dilemmas and assumes self-interest as the default position. A behavioral technique to joint action initiates with this argument; individuals have evolved the ability to learn cooperation standards and social regulations that have enhanced group success. Apparently, individual actions depend largely on social context. An example to illustrate this theory is organizing a demonstration because it entails considerable collective action. Therefore, administrative agencies enact regulations that they deem as the legislative intent The free market theory stipulates that in an unregulated environment, supply and demand naturally attain equilibrium, thereby achieving maximum social good. Generally, this theory implies that despite existence of misunderstandings amid two parties, they will still reach a compromise. An example to illustrate this theory is conflict resolution. Apparently, for both parties to reach a common understanding, both parties need to give their verdict regarding the issue. Similarly, administrative agencies propose regulations and allow interested parties to give their verdict. The fairness and redistribution theory advocates for fair justice to all individuals. It says that individuals advocate for fair rights and equivalent distribution of benefits. An example to il

Australian accounting standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Australian accounting standards - Essay Example Several international legal systems are based on approaches derived from principles. Practically, the FRC supported the adoption process because of the indication towards lessening of information costs. Following the accounting processes under International Accounting Standards is accompanied by the cost reduction. Adoption of the international standards would also enhance efficiency within the Australian capital market through capital flow into the market. Enhancement of market efficiency would be possible because through the adoption, the nations would be able to set internationally accepted, competent quality, equivalent and apparent standards of accounting. Although there are considerable benefits associated with the adoption of international standards of accounting, there are also various potential barriers that hinder proper implementation of the International Accounting Standards all around the world. Cultural factor is also among those potential barriers to the standards’ adoption. The propensity to restrict the implementation primarily prevails among the businesses which are conducted locally inclusive of the small and medium enterprises. This is due to the existence of strong cultural and regional values among the people within the firms. For completely implementing the international accounting standards, it is the most significant to educate the firm’s auditors and accountants about the processes to be followed. Due to the cultural resistance to international adoption, the entire implementation process gets hampered. Cultural barriers impact the way that the financial statements are overviewed. Adoption of internati onal standards would require evaluation of financials based on concepts. Pertaining to the cultural beliefs, a massive expense incurred due to a day-off because of regional program might not be considered to be harmful. A number of day-offs would at times lead to prevalence of huge imbalance in financial statements (Sawani, 2006). Answer to Question No 1 b From January 1, 2005, the units operating under the Corporations Act (2001) of Australia were required to frame and present their respective financial statements as per the standards being followed in the International Accounting Standards Board. Although Australia was boosting up towards harmonizing its standards as per the international ones, after the comprehensive adoption, the transformation process would make various business aspects to change. As regards to the practices within financial reporting, reported results of the Australian firms had to be presented in a changed way and also the adoption affected compensation based on performance. Apart from these general transitions, the acknowledgment and measurements of the firms’ assets and liabilities also were affected. To name a few, various financial instruments were to be recorded within the financial statements as per their fair values. This change even resulted in classification of instruments as debts which were previously classified as equities. Amortisation of goodwill

Economics & the Legal Environment of Business Research Paper

Economics & the Legal Environment of Business - Research Paper Example Macroeconomic factors The macroeconomic conditions are very important for business. Conducive macroeconomic conditions help a business to earn excellent profit, whereas unfavorable macroeconomic situations may convert the profits into losses. There are several macroeconomic factors that can influence the business operation of the company. Some of the vital factors are total production or GDP (gross domestic product) of the country in which the company is located, unemployment situation, prevailing and expected rate of inflation, and rate of interests. (Culp, 2001) If the country in which the company is located has been suffering from negative growth of GDP, then it will produce some adverse impacts on the construction industry also as it a part of the entire economy. For example, if a country is going through recession, then every industrial sector will feel the heat in the form of decreased demand and lower production. On the contrary, if an economy is going through economic expansi on with high rate of GDP growth then, purchasing power of the population will increase which might help in creating higher demand in the construction industry. (Culp, 2001) Similarly, unemployment situation is also a vital factor that might influence the business operation. ... (Culp, 2001) Inflation rate is also a quite vital thing to consider for the growth of a construction company. If the overall consumer price index for an economy is rising for quite a long time, then industry specific consumer price index will also feel its impact. Thus in the presence of high rate of inflation, consumer price index for the construction industry will also be quite high. This mainly happens because in the presence high rate of inflation in an economy costs of production in almost all the industries increase which is in turn reflected in the prices. Now in the presence of high consumer price index of construction industry, the construction company will loose many customers as the prices may not fit to the pockets of the customers. On the contrary, during low level of inflation, the company will get more customers and thus it can expand its production. (Culp, 2001) Interest rate is another vital macroeconomic factor in case of construction industry. This is so as most of the potential customers of a construction company very often depend on loans at the time of purchasing a product of this company. no matter whether the buyer is a government or any private agency or any individual, credit lending plays an important role here. Thus, if interest rate becomes higher, then the cost of borrowing becomes higher and consequently, the products of the construction company will look more expensive. This will simply reduce potential customers of the business entity. However, in the events of lower interest rate, the company will get more customers without changing its prices for its products. (Culp, 2001) Microeconomic factors: Microeconomic factors

Assessing The Effect Of Iran And Sanctions Politics Essay

Assessing The Effect Of Iran And Sanctions Politics Essay Nations around the globe are at odds over the issue of nuclear proliferation. As some countries aim to build their nuclear defenses, others aim to decrease or put an end to proliferation completely. Iran and the United States are a pertinent example of the former and the latter. In order to ensure the international communitys safety, the U.S. Government and its allies must enforce economic sanctions on Iran to thwart the flow of materials and funds needed for the country to grow its nuclear missile programs. On June 1st the U.S. Government and its allies, the U.N. (United Nations) Security Council, and the E.U. (European Union), along with other nations, imposed a fourth round of strict sanctions on Iran. This was done in reaction to Iran, which is a member of the U.N., choosing not to comply with the rules and regulations of the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), a sub agency of the U.N. Since the IAEA is a sub agency of the U.N. which Iran is a member nation of, it must comply. The IAEA was established in 1957 to act as an international watchdog, monitoring and reporting on the nuclear activities of all member nations of the U.N. This agency promotes safety and piece in the arena of nuclear technologies. Iran says that its nuclear endeavors are peaceful, intended only to generate electricity and produce medical isotopes, not to construct a nuclear weapon; its actions imply just the opposite. Despite the behest of the U.S. and its allies, the AEOI (Atomic Energy Organization of Iran) continually hampers the agencys inspection processes. It recently stripped two agency inspectors of the right to monitor its nuclear activities and refused others access to several facilities. The IAEA says that at the rate Iran is enriching nuclear fuel, it would soon have enough to produce two nuclear weapons. This Inspired alarm and concern throughout the international community about what Iran is doing behind closed doors. Without the IAEA keeping watch our safety is compromised, a belligerent Iran poses a great danger. Some may say that Irans nuclear program poses virtually no threat because it is so much smaller in comparison to that of the U.S.s and U.N.s. This idea is completely nonsensical. Just one nuclear missile in the hands of a country with a destructive agenda poses a much greater threat than five thousand nuclear missiles in the possession of a country with a peaceful agenda. Iran has yet to convince the nuclear watchdog of the peaceful nature of its nuclear pr ogram. This hazardous situation requires strict sanctions against Irans trade, military, and financial transactions carried out by the IRGC (Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps), which controls the nuclear program and has taken a central role in running the country and the economy. The New York Times Reports: The sanctions require countries to inspect ships or planes headed to or from Iran if they suspect banned cargo is aboard. The sanctions bar Iran from pursuing any activity related to ballistic missiles capable of delivering nuclear weapons. Bar Iranian investment in activities such as uranium mining, and prohibit Iran from buying several categories of heavy weapons, including attack helicopters, missiles and other nuclear-related technology. It is the position of some that sanctions are ineffective, not a means to an end but instead a sort of prerequisite to doing something that might actually make a difference (such as a declaration of war). People who take that position are misinformed about the situation and sanctions in general. Economic Sanctions or restrictions on foreign commerce have been implemented by countries throughout history as an effective means of influencing one anothers behavior. In 432 B.C., Athens imposed sanctions on the state of Megara, denying it access to its harbor and market place, in order to prevent it from fighting against it. In more recent history, sanctions were successful in blocking the transfer of cryogenic rocket engines from Russia to India in 1993, stopping the shipment of arms from South Africa to Syria in 1997, and halting china from exporting sensitive military equipment in 1998. This is not to say that sanctions are always effective, or that they have any effect at all. In this case the U.S. is going the extra mile to ensure that they are effective. It has imposed its own sanctions on foreign banks that violate Irans sanctions. Foreign banks that continue to do business with Iranian banks and firms that may be associated with nuclear missile programs are banned from accessing the U.S. financial system. The prospect of being cut off from the U.S. economy adds an impetus for foreign banks to not violate the sanctions. Not all countries in the U.N. and U.N. Security Council are on board with the sanctions against Iran. The U.N. Security Council is composed of five permanent members, they are: The United States, China, Russian Federation, France, and United Kingdom and ten non permanent members with a term of one year. Every member nation voted for the Sanctions except Brazil and Turkey (nonpermanent members) who voted against them. Brazils Ambassador to the U.S., Maria Luiza Ribeiro sighted a lack of diplomacy, In our view the adoption of new sanctions by the Security Council will delay rather than accelerate or ensure progress. She goes on to say that the nations should increase talks. The U.S. and its allies have been talking to Iran about their nuclear program for years; the problem is that Iran is unwilling to listen; now it is time to take action. Foreign Minister Celso Amorim told reporters in the capital Brasilia We dont want Iran to have nuclear arms, let there be no doubt about that. They, like other countries, have the right to a peaceful (nuclear power) program. It is true that Iran has the right to have a peaceful nuclear power program; unfortunately a peaceful nuclear program is not what they aim to have. Brazil and Turkey negotiated a trade in an attempt to quell international suspicion of nuclear weapons and prevent sanctions. Iran was to ship its low enriched uranium to turkey, were it would be stored, in return for a research reactor from Brazil. Yet, Iran continued to enrich its fuel, getting it closer and closer to levels needed to construct a nuclear weapon. South Korea and Japan are putting the international communitys safety ahead of their own economical gain. Trade between Iran and South Korea grew to $9.6 billion last year, up from $2.9 billion in 2000, Iran is its largest export market in the Middle East. Iran is the fourth-largest source of crude oil for South Korea, accounting for 10 percent of its oil imports. Despite all this the county imposed sanctions on Iran that are similar to those previously announced by Japan and the European Union. Foreign Ministry spokesman, Young-sun says, Our government expects Iran to join the international efforts for nuclear nonproliferation and take steps to faithfully implement its obligations under the relative Japan and U.N.S.C. resolutions. Of course Iran is against the sanctions, saying that they are a form of economic warfare. No amount of pressure and mischief will be able to break our nations determination to pursue and defend its legal and inalienable rights. Iran is one of the most powerful and stable countries in the region and never bowed and will never bow to the hostile actions and pressures by these few powers, and will continue to defend its rights, said Mohammad Khazaee, representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations. The problem with that argument is that Iran is not under the pressure of few powers, but of the international community. Are they bullying Iran? No they are protecting themselves from a situation that poses danger to them and the citizens of their nations whom they have a duty to protect. President of the U.S., Barack Obama, put it best when he said We recognize Iranss rights but with those rights come responsibilities. And time and time again, the Iranian government ha s failed to meet those responsibilities. We can only hope that this new round of sanctions is successful in changing Irans calculations of costs and benefits of pursuing nuclear proliferation. Hopefully Irans leaders will come to the conclusion that their interests of Iran and its people are better served by complying with its international obligations. Iran continues to have the opportunity to take a different and better path, says Obama, lets hope it does.

Explication of The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost Essay -- Papers Robe

Explication of The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost When reading â€Å"The Road Not Taken,† by Robert Frost, I found that it was personal, especially to the author. The fact that it was written in first person form helped me to conclude that it was probably about the author. I think the reasoning behind his writing of this poem was because in life, you have many obstacles to overcome and many choices and decisions to make, which opens a path that leads the way to your future. Since those things relate to Frost, I think it motivated him to write this poem on a personal basis, like a short autobiography on his life. It motivated him because he could then tell others about his life and give advice and guidance to the people that read his poetry. â€Å"The Road Not Taken† basically talks about the many obstacles in life, the choices and decisions that you have to make, and how the things you choose affects everything in your life and in your future. Frost also tells how he chose a path or a road, that even though was odd or different from everyone else’s, he went on with his instincts and decided that it was the right choice. He tells how one single decision in life can make huge or drastic differences being either good or bad. This was expressed when he said â€Å"Two roads diverged in a wood, and I - I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference.† I found that throughout this poem there was much symbolism within it. Identifying that it was written in first person form showed that this poem relates to the author on a personal basis, and that it was probably written to symbolize his life. But when talking about people’s lives, you can conclude that people’s lives are generally and individually very diffe... ...om, a split road. Never really knowing the correct road to take the person chooses one path or road after analyzing the other. He is sure and goes on from gut instincts and picks a path moving on with a strong will and a lot confidence, leaving the other road behind untouched. This poem relates to me in many ways because in my life, I was offered many options to choose from and many roads to take. Since it’s my life and my decisions to make, I never regretted a decision I made, I just look at it as, that’s the way it was meant to be. Sure, the decisions weren’t always easy to make, but when you put your mind to it, think, brainstorm, and analyze a little the correct path or road usually will light up and give you guidance. I’m not saying that all my decisions were correct, they where not at all. I’m just saying that when you tried your best it never hurts.

Hinduism and Buddhism in the United States Essay

This paper intends to compare the origin and basic beliefs of Hinduism and Buddhism. It also aims to state the roles that Hinduism and Buddhism played that contributed to the American Culture, both in the past, as well as, in the present. Last but not least, the paper will briefly discuss the effect/s that Hinduism and Buddhism have on the future American culture, as well as, how that particular culture impact these people. Origin and Basic Beliefs of Hinduism and Buddhism No particular name of prophet or any religious person for that matter is related to the foundation of Hinduism while Buddhism is said to be established by Buddha (Hinduism versus Buddhism, n. d. , n. p. ). Furthermore, followers of Hinduism believe in the Vedas and that there is only one â€Å"Supreme Being†, on the other hand, the advocates of Buddhism believes otherwise (Hinduism versus Buddhism, n. d. , n. p. ). Moreover, those people who practice Hinduism believe that their objective is to show faith in their God; collect material things, as well as, their desires and passion; and attain salvation (Hinduism versus Buddhism, n. d. , n. p. ). On the other hand, those who practice Buddhism has only one objective in life and that is to put an end to their sufferings (Hinduism versus Buddhism, n. d. , n. p. ). Roles that Hinduism and Buddhism Played that Contributed to the American Culture Hinduism in the United States is not yet very well known; however, because they are the most edified if compared to all the rest of the religions in the United States, they managed to share their beliefs to some of the Americans who delightedly converted into their religion (Rood, 1994, n. p. ). Also, the spiritual practices and other cultures that they possess became a fundamental part of the American culture because they have been given the freedom to do so in the United States (Rood, 1994, n. p. ). On the other hand, since, there are millions of Buddhism’s followers, the aforementioned became an integral part of the American culture as well (Rood, 1994, n. p. ). It began when an officer who fought during the Civil War became interested in the writings/scriptures of the aforementioned religion (Rood, 1994, n. p. ). Actually, it is because of the interesting beliefs and practices of both religions that’s why both have been and are still currently a part of the American culture (Rood, 1994, n. p. ). Effect that Hinduism and Buddhism have on the Future American Culture Hinduism and Buddhism will surely have an effect on the future American culture since both have already impacted the culture of the Americans then and now (Hinduism versus Buddhism, n. d. , n. p. ). Most likely in the future, there will be more schools that stress on the beliefs and practices of Hinduism and Buddhism (Hinduism versus Buddhism, n. d. , n. p. ). In addition, more American people will incorporate the beliefs of such religions in theirs because of great interest in the beliefs of those religions (Hinduism versus Buddhism, n. d. , n. p. ). Meanwhile these cultures will impact the American people greatly, they may be able to find ways to change their personality and may even attain their ultimate goals – happiness and salvation (Hinduism versus Buddhism, n.d. , n. p. ). References Hinduism versus Buddhism. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 23, 2008 from http://www. experiencefestival. com/a/Hinduism_vs_Buddhism/id/54137 Rood, R. (1994). Hinduism. Retrieved April 23, 2008 from http://72. 14. 253. 104/search? q=cache:R-6zli9PVKEJ:www. probe. org/index2. php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26do_pdf%3D1%26id%3D692+Desire+for+Liberation+from+Earthly+Existence+%2B+Hinduism&hl=tl&ct=clnk&cd=5&gl=ph&client=firefox-a

Dominoz Pizza 7 Ps of Service Marketing Essay Example

Dominoz Pizza 7 Ps of Service Marketing Essay Example Dominoz Pizza 7 Ps of Service Marketing Essay Dominoz Pizza 7 Ps of Service Marketing Essay Place Dominos entered India in 1996 through a franchise agreement with Vam Bhartia Corp. The first outlet was opened in Delhi. With the overwhelming success of the first outlet, the company opened another outlet in Delhi. By 2000, Dominos had a presence in all the major cities and towns in India. By March 2000, Dominos opened 37 outlets all over India. Between April 2000 and February 2001, Dominos set up 64 more outlets in India. Delhi had the maximum number of outlets – 17, followed by Mumbai with 13. Dominos had the largest retail network in the fast food segment in India- with 101 outlets across 40 cities. Dominos had a tie-up with a real estate consultant Richard Ellis to help with locations, conduct feasibility studies, and manage the construction. It was also looking at non-traditional outlets like large corporate offices, railway stations, cinema halls and university campuses. In early 2000, Dominos had opened an outlet at Infosys, Bangalore, which was very successful. Product To capture the market, Domino’s had to localize flavors. Thus, Deluxe Chicken with Mustard Sauce and Sardines were confined to the East, Mutton Ghongura and Chicken Chettinad to the South and Chicken Pudina to Mumbai. Butter chicken, Makhani Paneer and the Chatpata Chana Masala were confined to the North. Price Dominos sold a 12 Pizza for Rs 265. Indians are value-, not price-sensitive. We need to offer comeback value to our customer. The high price was attributed to the high quality of ingredients used. For instance, Dominos sourced its Peperoni and Jalapeno needs from Australia and Spain respectively. However, with competition increasing from Pizza Hut, Dominos introduced price cuts,and discounts to attract the customers. In 1998, Dominos introduced the Pizza Mania scheme where it offered a large pizza for Rs. 29/-. ? Promotion Dominos had a tie-up with Discovery Channel under which the channel advertised its pizzas while Dominos put the channels name on its mailers. Dominos conducted Pizza making classes for school students. In 1998, it offered a clock to all its customers who had bought Rs. 15,000 worth of pizzas throughout the year. Database marketing is an important part of our strategy. The y have a special cell analyzing their database to look for repeat and loyal customers. In August 2000, Dominos launched the Hungry Kya? sequence of advertisements on television. Pizza could be a snack; then again, it could also be a complete meal. The only definitive common link between Dominos Pizzas and eating was the hunger platform. The launch of Hungry Kya? campaign coincided with Dominos tie-up with Mahanagar Telephones Nigam Ltd. (MTNL) for the Hunger Helpline. The helpline enabled the customers to dial a toll-free number (1600-111-123) from any place in India. Process The number automatically hunted out the nearest Dominos outlet from the place where the call was made and connected the customer for placing the order. The number also helped Dominos to add the customers name, address and phone number to its database. For the first 4 years in India, Dominos concentrated on its Delivery act. For its delivery promise to work, Dominos followed a 11-minute schedule: one minute for taking down the order, one minute for Pizza-making, six minutes oven-time, and three minute. If you dont eat pizza fresh, it turns cold and soggy. However, Dominos seemed to have overcome this problem through its delivery pack called Dominos Heatwave for packing, People Domino’z has targeted the people who are preferring home delivery as well as the youth. t has opened its outlet at R-world to attract the movie watchers. As in india pizza is more preffered by the professionals and youth it set up its outlet in some bid corporate campuses and colleges. The people who spend their weekends at malls are also targeted , as one of its outlet is at 10 acre mall ahmedabad. Physical evidence. Domino’s pizza is more home d elivery centric, albeit its having good interior too. the waitors and the delivery boys are there. Its staff consists of 5 to 8 members for different activities ranging from taking order to delivering it.

Analysis Of Health And Social Care In The Uk The WritePass Journal

Analysis Of Health And Social Care In The Uk ABSTRACT Analysis Of Health And Social Care In The Uk ). Limited nursing care may be provided by a District Nurse when needed. Nursing care is usually provided in care homes especially for the more infirm elderly as such individuals are often in need of medical attention and a greater level of care (Lovell Cordeaux 1999). Domiciliary care aims at providing help with a specific task such as bathing or waking up in the morning. Traditionally, family members, friends and partners have provided domiciliary care. There is however a growing number of voluntary and statutory agencies providing domiciliary care services in the UK. Care UK is one such provider which has been approved to provide domiciliary care services to 55 local authorities in the UK (Francis 2012). Care UK provides domiciliary care to many service users including older people with dementia, children, individuals who are physically disabled and those with sensory impairments as well as serving adults with specialist needs such as mental illness, learning difficulties, HIV and acquired brain injury (Francis 2012). RESPITE CARE This can be defined as a temporary relief provided for an elderly or the carer and may take the following forms (Lovell Cordeaux 1999): Taking a break away from the daily routine by the elderly such as a going on a holiday. A short stay in a care home so that the carer can go on a holiday Increased support at home to enable the carer to pursue his/her interests Respite care may be as little as a day, a week or even an hour per week depending on the circumstances of the individual. Under the Carers Recognition and Services Act 1995, a carer who provides substantial care to his/her relative, friend, neighbour or partner is entitled to his/her own separate assessment by social services (Lovell Cordeaux 1999). If assessed as in need of respite care, then this can be arranged by them. FOSTER CARE This refers to the care provided to a minor who has been made a ward (Curry Ham 2010). The minor is placed in the hands of a licensed or state certified caregiver who is often referred to as the foster parent. Foster care placement may be voluntary or involuntary. Where the biological parent is not able to provide the needed care to the minor, then voluntary placement may occur. However, where the minor is at risk of physical or psychological harm, then involuntary placement occurs (Curry Ham 2010). There are many agencies providing fostering services in the UK. FosterCare UK is one independent non-profit organization established in 2007 to provide foster care services to minors in London and South East (Porter Teisberg 2006). FosterCare UK recruits, trains, approves and supports foster carers to work with young people with complex and challenging needs (Porter Teisberg 2006). COMMUNITY CARE Care may as well be provided at community venues such as drop-in and day care centres. A good example is the Community Integrated Care (CIC) group, one of the leading nonprofit social and health care providers in the UK (Porter Teisberg 2006). CIC is a national and registered charity that works in the community by providing support to people with a diverse range of needs across England and Scotland (Porter Teisberg 2006). The group provides support to people with learning difficulties, physical disabilities and mental health conditions. It also provides a range of support services to older people with dementia. Further, CIC provides homelessness services such as housing, personal development and training and education to homeless people (Porter Teisberg 2006). While there are a number of agencies, both statutory and voluntary, offering social care services to vulnerable individuals, challenges still remain in the provision of such services. Health inequality is one major challenge which has continued to undermine the effective provision of services in the health care. INEQUALITIES IN HEALTH In the UK, the black and minority ethnic (BME) groups have in general reported ill-health and their dissatisfaction with the care services. A large proportion of the UK population constitutes the white. According to the 2001 census, the white accounted for 92% of the total population while the Black British and Asians accounted for 2% and 4% respectively (DOH 2006). Ethnic differences in the delivery and uptake of health care services have been reported. For example, access to care for coronary heart disease has been found to be lower among the South Asians (DOH 2006). With reference to prevention, the rates of smoking cessation have been found to be lower in these minority groups compared to the whites (DOH 2006). Additionally, most of these minority groups have indicated higher rates of dissatisfaction with the services provided by the NHS. For example, according to the Healthcare Commission patient surveys, most of the South Asians reported poorer experiences in hospitals as inpatients (DOH 2006). Many of these minority groups experience higher rates of poverty than the whites, in terms of area deprivation, worklessness, income, and the lack of basic necessities. This perhaps explains the variation in self-reported health. However, other than their socio-economic status, there is a complex interplay of factors that may be responsible for causing such inequalities including discrimination, racism, poor delivery of health care services, biological susceptibility and the differences in culture and lifestyles (DOH 2006). PROGRESS AND INITIATIVES TOWARDS REDUCING INEQUALITY IN HEALTH CARE Policy developments have tried to tackle inequalities in health. Achesons Independent Inquiry of 1998 was a key initiative that put health inequalities on the policy agenda (Stuart 2003). It emphasized on how poverty, the wider inequalities and exclusion were impacting on the provision of health care services. Subsequent policies have also recognized inequalities in health as multi-faceted and focused on reducing these inequalities. The central focus of health inequalities policies have primarily been on health care and NHS funding (Baldock, et.al., 2007). Besides the socioeconomic inequalities, policies have also focused explicitly on equity between the various ethnic groups. Identifying good practice in racial equality and mainstreaming strategies in health services has been the main approach to tackling inequalities (Baldock, et.al., 2007). A number initiatives have been commissioned by the Department of Health to collate good practice in equality in health such as Race for Health, Pacesetters and handling problems like language barriers and barrier to access of health care resources (Stuart 2003). More recently, major reforms have been made to the NHS. The role that Primary Care Trust plays in health care has expanded and changes have been made to practice based commissioning, competition, and involvement of patient as well as plurality of providers (Lewis, et.al 2010). These reforms are seen as making it easier tailor health care services to local populations thus meeting the needs of everyone, including the minority groups. The Department of Health has also initiated the Mosaic programme, which aims at developing and maintaining good practice in procurement, based on the Commission for Racial Equality guidelines (DOH 2006). Concerns have however been raised by critics that the initiative may not be of benefit to the minority and deprived groups and they have called for an examination of the impact that these reforms may have on equalities. While there has been a remarkable progress towards reducing inequalities in the health care sector in UK, there is still the need to develop more policies and interventions that support all sections of the society and direct care, treatment and services in proportion to need. This includes advocating for the promotion of individual rights within the care sector. PROMOTION OF EQUALITY AND INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS In this regard, individual rights include, but are not limited to (Adams 2007): The right to respect Not to be discriminated against Right to practice their cultural and religious beliefs Making their own choices Right to equality or to be treated in a similar manner as the rest of the population Treated as an individual Right to be treated in a dignified way Right to privacy or confidentiality Protection from harm and danger Right to have access to information, especially where that information concerns them Communication using their preferred methods. There is thus the need for recognition of the immense diversity amongst individuals in the British society and how care agencies, both voluntary and statutory, can accommodate this diversity. This promotion of equality and individual rights is crucial for effective provision of care services. That is, social workers need to treat everyone as an individual, have respect for individuals diversity and cultural values, promote equal treatment and opportunities for individuals, empower individuals, support them express their needs and experiences, ensure their well-being, work in ways consistent with the individuals preferences and beliefs, avoid their discrimination and put the individuals preference at the heart of service provisions   through person centred planning approach (Adams 2007).   CONCLUSION Social care services are provided to vulnerable individuals to protect them from harm, promote their independence and social inclusion, preserve or advance their physical and mental health, improve their opportunities and life chances, strengthen their families and protect and promote their individual human rights. In spite of the importance of provision of social care services, it is apparent that the current system in the UK is perceived unfair in the provision of health care services. There seems to be huge disparities in health care service provisions in parts of the UK with the spearheaded areas experiencing worst health care and deprivation. A remarkable progress has however been made towards reducing inequalities in the health A number initiatives have been commissioned by the Department of Health to collate good practice in equality in health such as Race for Health, Pacesetters and major reforms made to the NHS. These are seen as making it easier to tailor health care services to local populations thus meeting the needs of everyone, including the minority groups. While there has been a remarkable progress made, there is still the need to develop more policies and interventions that support all sections of the society and direct care, treatment and services in proportion to need. Social workers can play an important role in reducing health inequalities by working with service users in increasing their social and material resources and providing them access to information and support systems as well as maximizing their capacity to managing their health. REFERENCE Adams, R., 2007. Foundations of health and social care. Palgrave publishers Alcock, P., et.al., 2006. Students companion to social policy. Blackwell publishers Baldock et al (eds), 2007. Social Policy, Oxford University Press. Bradshaw, et.al., 1978. Issues in social policy. Routledge. Curry N. and C. Ham, 2010. Clinical and Service Integration: The route to improved outcomes. London: The King’s Fund. Available at: www.kingsfund.org.uk/publications/clinical_and_service.html (accessed on 16 February 2012). Department of Health (DOH), 2006. Our Health, Our Care, Our Say: A New Direction for Community Services. London: DOH Department of Health, 1998. Modernising social services. Crown publishers. Hill, M., 2006. Social policy in the modern world. Blackwell publishers Ellison, N. and C. Pierson, 2003. Developments in British Social Policy. Palgrave publishers Francis, J., 2012. An overview of the UK domiciliary care sector. Sutton. United Kingdom Home Care Association Ltd. Jordan, B., 2008. Social policy for the 21st century (New Perspective). Polity Press. Lewis R, et.al., 2010. Where Next for Integrated Care Organisations in the NHS? London: Nuffield Trust. Lovell, T and C. Cordeaux, 1999. Social Policy for Health and Social Care. Hodder and Stoughton. Mason, et.al, 2004.   BTEC Introduction Health and Social Care. Heinemann. Platt, L, 2002. Parallel lives? Poverty among ethnic minority groups in Britain, London. Porter, M. and E. Teisberg, 2006. Redefining Health Care: Creating Value- Based Competition On Results. Harvard Business School Press. Stuart, et.al, 2003. Tackling Health Inequalities since the Acheson Inquiry, Bristol